Autonomous Space Domain Awareness for Small Satellites Using Integrated Optical Imaging and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

This work presents an integrated approach to autonomous Space Domain Awareness (SDA) for Smallsat missions by combining advanced Resident Space Object detection and SSA/SDA software with space-qualified optical imaging hardware and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. The research focuses on the integration of LMO’s software stack for detection and tracking with Redwire’s SpectraTRAC and SpectraCam sensors, with validation and performance assessed using the Redwire SpectraSIM Star Field Simulator and LMO’s simulation engine.

LMO’s SSA/SDA software enables autonomous detection, tracking, identification and characterization of space objects through onboard processing supporting situational awareness and reduced dependence on ground-based infrastructure.

SpectraTRAC is an advanced Star Tracker delivering quaternions accurate to ten arcseconds and optimized for low SWaP. SpectraCAM provides high-resolution optical imagery with great dynamic range, and signal-to-noise ratio.

SpectraSIM is a HIL simulator that provides “as-you-fly” operation of sensors in a simulated night sky environment. LMO’s simulation engine hosts the in-house Attitude and Orbit Control System simulator which allows for accurate orbital dynamics featuring multi-spacecraft trajectories. The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions and satellite modeling modules allow use of 3D meshes to calculate features needed for unresolved image generation which generate realistic and radiometrically accurate images of unresolved space objects. Those images feature real characteristics such as spectral accuracy, off-axis lens aberrations, streaks, and motion blur as well as field curvature and astigmatism.

SpectraSIM and LMO’s simulator stack were used to generate realistic synthetic scenes projected into the hardware allowing end-to-end testing of image acquisition, onboard processing, and algorithm performance in realistic scenarios under varying operational conditions. The results demonstrate the feasibility of combining miniaturized optical payloads with autonomous software to deliver scalable, SSA capabilities for Smallsats. This work highlights the value of HIL simulation as a risk-reduction tool for pre-flight validation and illustrates a practical pathway toward increased onboard autonomy in future SDA missions.