Space Debris Pulverization Systems for Low Earth Orbits

European policy on space debris mitigation is fast evolving to contain the increasing demand for launch of small satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), whose specifications fail to meet ESA latest and more stringent requirements. Referring to the decrease of the maximum permanence in operational orbit from 25 years to 5 years after End of Life (EOL) [1], this research aims at thoroughly reassessing the design concepts currently in development to remove space debris in orbit and introducing a new accelerating paradigm. First, a critical review of the state-of-art of Active Debris Mitigation (ADM) solutions is presented, including magnetic docking capture, plasma-beams and lasers de-orbiting, robotic soft nets, arms and manipulators capture. Secondly, the state-of-art of passive debris mitigation solutions is evaluated, considering deployable or inflatable drag sails, electrodynamic tethers, EOL passivation and Design-for-Demise. Eventually, analysing and synthesizing benefits and limitations of state-of-art solutions, a new in-orbit system is introduced, reducing space debris size from over 10 cm to under 1 mm using a directed energy weapon, like Megawatt Class (MW) space-based lasers, or a docking mechanism with detonator transfer. The new system’s competitive advantage consists of its capacity to pulverize multiple pieces of space debris within its operational lifetime via controlled in-orbit explosions, reducing dependency from launch. Its dual applicability would well serve any incumbency of military purposes. Being able to generate a “zero debris corridor” in LEO, where other space vehicles could safely carry human beings, the new system would also support space tourism, lunar and planetary exploration missions. A conclusive comparison with state-of-art concepts is expected to justify further studies on its feasibility.

References
[1] New Space Debris Mitigation Policy and Requirements in effect. The European Space Agency (ESA). URL: https://esoc.esa.int/new-space-debris-mitigation-policy-and-requirements-effect (Last accessed 22nd January 2026).